ืืชืจ ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ Cookie ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืก.

ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืชืจ ื–ื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืœื•.

ื”ืฆื’ ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช

ื‘ืงื‘ืœืชืš ืืชื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืงื‘ ืฉืœ Google Analytics. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื–ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื”ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ืฉืœืš.

ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืœืฉืœื•ื

ื”ืืกื›ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืœื•ื™ื ืกื™ืช

Emmanuel Lรฉvinas University of ParisEmmanuel LรฉvinasAlbert Einstein

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช, Einstein ืคืขืœ ืœืœื ืœืื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื‘ืืžืช.

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1940, ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ ืฉื›ื•ืชืจืชื• ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืงื“ื ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช .

ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ืืžืช. ืžึธืงื•ึนืจ: ืขืชื™ื“ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื—ื“ (oneearthfuture.org)

ื˜ื•ื˜ืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ

ืฉืœื•ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื™ืœื” ืฉืœื•ื

Lรฉvinas ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื ืช ื˜ื•ื˜ืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ: ืฉืœื•ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžื”

ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื–ื• ื—ื•ืชื›ืช ืœืœื‘ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื›ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ Lรฉvinas ืœืฉืœื•ื - ื›ื–ื” ืฉืžืชืขืœื” ืžืขืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื•ืชื™.

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืืžืช, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื™ืœื” ืฉืœื•ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• . ื–ื• ืœื ืกืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื’ืจื™ื“ื, ืืœื ืžืกื’ื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืžืชื™ื™ืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื›ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ Lรฉvinas. ื›ืคื™ ืฉ-Lรฉvinas ื˜ื•ืขืŸ:

ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ืืกื›ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ? ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉืœื•ื ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืืžืคื™ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืชืจื—ื‘ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ืฆืคื” ืฉืœื ื• - ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื“ื•ื“, ืœื›ืžืช ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืกื— ื‘ืžืœื•ืื• ื‘ืฉืคื”. ื–ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื™ื–ื” ืชื—ื•ื ืžื™ืกื˜ื™, ืืœื ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืืชื™ืช ืฉืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืœืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืขืฆืžื•.

ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื›ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืคืง ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืืžืคื™ืจื™ืช. ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœื™ื” ืื• ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื“ืขื™. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืข ืžืฉื”ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืžืžืฉื™.

ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ืžื•ืคืฉื˜, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื‘ื ื™ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” MacGyver, ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื–ื• ื’ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.

ืžื” ืžืงื’ื™ื™ื•ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื”?

ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืืกื›ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื

MacGyver ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ืงืง ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืคื™ืชื— ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ Lรฉvinas ืœื›ื“ื™ ืืžื™ืจื” ืื—ืช ื•ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื“ื’ื ื‘ืคืจืง ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” MacGyver: ืืชื” ื—ื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”

ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ื”, MacGyver ืžืชืขืžืช ืขื ื—ื‘ืจ ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืžืกืชื‘ืš ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ืื” ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช. ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื—ืžื•ืจ - ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ืžื—ืคืฉ ื ืงืžื” ืขืœ ืจืฆื— ืื—ื™ื•, ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื—ื•ืจื’ ืžื ืงืžื ื•ืช ื’ืจื™ื“ื. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืจืฉื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืชืคืกื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš. ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ืืœื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืžื ืฆื— ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื ืงืžื”.

ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื– ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”. ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ืจื™ืขื”, ืžื•ื ืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืขืก ื•ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ื•ื— ืœืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช. ื–ื”ื• ืžื™ืงืจื•ืงื•ืกืžื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืžื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื.

ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขื ื—ืžืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช - ืืชื” ื—ื›ื ืžื–ื” - MacGyver ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืกื™ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉ-Lรฉvinas ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื ื” ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืืกื›ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืืฆืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”. ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘. ื–ื” ืคื•ื ื” ืœืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช.

ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ MacGyver ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืงืจืข ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ. ื”ื ืžืืชื’ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ืืชื” ื—ื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” ืฉื–ื• ืœื ืจืง ืชื—ื™ื ื” ืื• ืคืงื•ื“ื” - ื–ื• ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœื‘ืกืก ื™ื—ืก ืขื ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื•ืžืชืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื’ืจื™ื“ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื”.

ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื–ื• ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืฉืœ ๐Ÿฆ‹ GMODebate.org ืจืื” ืชื•ืงืฃ ืคืขื ืื—ืจ ืคืขื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ๐Ÿฆ‹Zielenknijper.com: ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ ื”ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื ืงืžื”

ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ืฉืœ MacGyver ืžืžื—ื™ืฉ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืขืฆืžื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจืื™ืช ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื”ืฉืœื•ื. ืœื ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช, ืืœื ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืฉื›ืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ืฉื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื›ืชื—ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช.

ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ืคืข ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื, ืžืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื•ืขื“ ืœืœื•ื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื”ืœืงื— ืฉืœ MacGyver ื•-Lรฉvinas ื ืฉืืจ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืžืื•ื“. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืจืื™ื™ื” ืืกื›ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช - ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• - ืื ื• ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ืžืชืžืฉืš. ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื–ื; ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืœื ืืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™, ื”ื‘ื” ื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•: ืืชื” ื—ื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” .

ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ ?

ืชื—ื™ื ื” ื ืฉื›ื—ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง

Water crisis in Iraq

ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื”. ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืœืขื™ืจืืง. ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช, ืฆืขื“ื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืงื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ: ืืœ ืชืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืขื™ืจืืง .

ืžื—ืื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง 2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆืื• ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง

ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืก ื”ืžื™ื

ื”ื”ืจืก ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื , ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื—ืฉืฃ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ืืžืช ื‘-11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ , ืžืกืคืง ืจืื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื ืขื•ืช ืœืžื ื™ืข ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืชื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ื. ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ืจืฆื— ืขื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง, ืœื•ื‘ ื•ืขื–ื” , ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื›ื™ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืกื›ืกื•ืš, ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื ื•ืขื–ืช: ื”ืžื ื™ืข ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืœืงื—ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช. ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜.

Water crisis in Iraq

(2021) ืจืฆื— ืขื ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ: ื”ืจืก ืžืžื•ืงื“ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื”ื•ื ืคืฉืข ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื ื ืื˜"ื• ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืคืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื™ืขืช ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืžืื–ืจื—ื™ื. ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ 1.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื ื’ืจื ืœื ืžื”ืฉืคืขื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืืœื ืžื”ืจืก ืžืžื•ืงื“ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื. ืžึธืงื•ึนืจ: ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•"ื ืœืชื™ืื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™ื™ื (OCHA)

ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชืกื™ืกื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช, ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ื•ืคืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ืช (ื“ืืขืฉ) ื•ืœืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื™ื ืฉืœื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.

John Pilger

ืจืฆื— ืขื ืฉืื•ืฉืจ: ื”ืจื’ ื™ืœื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง

ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืžืชื›ื ื ื™ ื ืื˜"ื• ืชื›ื ื ื• ืืช ื”ืจืก ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง. ืกืจื˜ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืขื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจืกื™ื ื’'ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื’ืจ ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืคืจื˜ื™ื.

[๐ŸŽฅ ื”ืฆื’ ืกืจื˜]

ืžืกืžืš ืžืกื•ื•ื’ ืžื˜ืขื ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช (DIA) - ืฉื›ื•ืชืจืชื• "ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง" - ืžืชืืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจืืง.

"ืขื™ืจืืง ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื›ืžื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”, ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื“ื•"ื— DIA. "ืื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืืกืคืงื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”. ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช, ืื ืœื ืœืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช, ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช.

"ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขื™ืจืืง ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ื•ื” ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื, ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ื™ืงื— ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืชืงืœืงืœ ื‘ืžืœื•ืื” .

ืœืคื™ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ื›-1.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื - ื›ื•ืœืœ 565,000 ื™ืœื“ื™ื - ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืžื”ืืžื‘ืจื’ื•, ืฉื›ืœืœ "ื”ื—ื–ืงื”" ื‘ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื™ื .

ื ืื˜"ื• ื—ืกืžื” ืžื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ื ืฉืง ื›ื™ืžื™. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื™ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื”.

ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืขื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจืกื™ื ื’'ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื’ืจ ื”ืคื™ืง ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ "ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ - ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง".

Water Crisis

ืชื•ืžืก ื ืื’ื™, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžืกืžืš ื”-DIA ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ื™ื“ืขื” ืฉื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื™ื”ืจื’ื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื .


ื“ืคื•ืก ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืก ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื—ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืœื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ืขื–ื” .

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-500,000 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืœื•ื‘ ื•ื ืื˜"ื• ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™ ืฉืžืชื“ืจื“ืจ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.

(2015) ืคืฉืข ืžืœื—ืžื”: ื ืื˜"ื• ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืืช ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ื‘, ืžืชื•ืš ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื›ืš ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืคืฉืข ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืืœื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจืฆื— ืขื. The Ecologistืžึธืงื•ึนืจ: ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’: ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข

(2021) ื ืื˜"ื• ื”ืจื’ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื‘. ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื”. ืžึธืงื•ึนืจ: foreignpolicy.com (ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ)

(2024) ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื“ื—ื•ืคื”: ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ื ืขืช ืžืขื–ื” ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ืจืง ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืขื ื‘ืขื–ื” ืืœื ื’ื ืžื ืชืงืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื”. ืžึธืงื•ึนืจ: La Via Campesina | The Guardian | ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื”ืื•"ื: ๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ฑ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื›ื ืฉืง ืžืœื—ืžื”

ื”ืžื ื™ืขื” ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืคื”

ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื”ืจืก ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืื™ื ื• ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ. ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžื ื™ืขื”.

(2020) ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืžื™ื, ืื™ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืคืขืจื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืœืกื›ืกื•ืš. ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ, ื ืžืฆื ื›ืขืช ืขืœ ืกืฃ "ืจืชื™ื—ื”" ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืžืชืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื•ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืื™ืชื ื• ื•ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื’ื•ืจืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื’ื•ืจืœื ื•. ืžึธืงื•ึนืจ: Deutsche Welle | LIRNEasia | The Guardian

ื›ื™ื•ื, ืื™ืจืืŸ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืขื ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืžื™ื ืฉืžื”ื“ื”ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”:

(2023) ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืง ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ: ื—ืœืงื ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ. ืžึธืงื•ึนืจ: New York Times

ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืžื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”. ื”ืชื—ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ืฉืžื™ืขื• ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื™ืจืืง, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชืŸ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืจืก ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื”ื–ื•, ื”ื™ื ืชื˜ืคื— ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืขืจืš ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™.

ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื: ืžืชืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื•ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืื™ืชื ื• ื•ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื’ื•ืจืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื’ื•ืจืœื ื• . ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื–ื• ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ื›ื™ ืชื—ื™ื ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืง ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช - ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืœื˜ืคื— ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ื•ืช.

ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ-ืœืžื™ื: ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™

ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ืช 2024, ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœืžื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก Hydropanel ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ, ื”ื™ื ืžืืจื™ื–ื•ื ื” ืืจื”"ื‘.

ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” Air-to-Water ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช-ืงื ื“ื™ืช Rainmakerืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ 20,000 ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื.

ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื”ื™ื. ืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืกืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจืืŸ. ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-1.8 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื™ืจืืง. ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืื“ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™ ื•ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืกื›ืกื•ืš.

ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื’ืฉื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ-ืœืžื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ

ื”ืื ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ-ืœืžื™ื ืฉืœ Rainmaker ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ?

ืœืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช Air-to-Water ืฉืœ Rainmaker ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืขื“ 20,000 ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ืชืงื ื” ืขืœ ื’ื’ ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื™ื.

ืœืžื›ื•ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืจืžื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืช ื•ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช.

ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช

ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื– ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื“ืจืš ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช Greta (Sy Borg), ืžื ื”ืœืช ื‘-onlinephilosophyclub.com, ืฆื™ื™ื ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง:

ื—ืœื” ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืžืื– ืฉืืจื”"ื‘ ื ื™ืฆืœื” ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง... ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ื•ืคืš ื›ืขืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืžื•ืกืจื™, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืœื, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจืืง, ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืฉืคืœ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืฉื”ืจืก ื›ืœ ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.

ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื™ื–ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืชื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ.

ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื‘-PhilosophyTalk.org ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืžืฉืœื™ืžื”:

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื”ื ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื–ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•. ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืชื• ืœื ...

ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืžื™ื•ืฉื ืช. ืœื ืจืง ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”, ืืœื ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ืœื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™.

ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขื ื”ืžื ื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืงื—ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื ื—ืฉืฃ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ืืžืช ืฉืœ 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื›ื— ื‘ื”ืจืก ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื. ืžื” ืฉืขืœ ื›ืฃ ื”ืžืื–ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื”ื™ื: ืœืคื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื”ืื•"ื, 565,000 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ืžืชื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืžื”ืจืก ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื™ื - ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืืฉืžื•ืช ื›ืขืช ื›ืคืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืจืฆื— ืขื ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ.

Immanuel Kant

ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ ืฉื ืื” ื›ืืœื”. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ Immanuel Kant: ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉ - ื•ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”, ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืžื” - ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืจื•ืข ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื”. ื”ืฉื ืื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืžื—ืคืฉ ื ืงืžื”, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ MacGyver, ืื™ื ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ืžื”ืฉื ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ Bertrand Russell ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืžื“ื•ืข ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื™ื .

ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืž-PhilosophyTalk.org ืžืจืื” ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”: ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช. ืขื–ืจื” ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ืื—ืจ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื—ื–ื• Lรฉvinas. ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืฆื•ื˜ื˜ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.

ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืžื•ืฆืืช ืชื•ืฆืื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื . ืขื ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื” ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืกืจ ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™: ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื”! . ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื›ืฉื”ื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื”ื—ืœืœ - ืœื ืจืง ืจื•ืื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืืžืคื™ืจื™ืช, ืืœื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืชืืจื™ื ื›ืืคื•ืจื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื• ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืคื•ืก ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื .

ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื–ื• ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ Lรฉvinas ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืืกื›ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™. ืžื” ืฉื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื—ื•ืจื’ ืžื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื”ืืžืคื™ืจื™ืช; ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ.

ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ ื•ื”ืกื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื’'ื™ื™ืง ื’ืืจืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืขื•: ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•. ื–ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื˜ืกื• ื‘ื—ืœืœ...

ื™ื•ื’'ื™ืŸ ืกืจื ืŸ, ื”ืื“ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—, ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉืœื•. ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืงื•ืœื™ื ืก ืžืืคื•ืœื• 11 ื›ื•ืชื‘:

ื—ื‘ืœ ืฉืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืœืชื ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืžืฅ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื, ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•, ืื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืืœื™ื”ื.

Overview Effect astronaut

ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ ื’'ื™ืŸ ืกืจื ืŸ: ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ืคื” ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช

(2024) ื”ืžืงืจื” ืœืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ืช ืžึธืงื•ึนืจ: ๐Ÿฆ‹ GMODebate.org

ืงื•ื‘ืฅ PDF ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœืกืคืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื–ื”. ืืช ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื›ืืŸ .

economist peace ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ: ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉืœื•ื

(2023) ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ: ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉืœื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืืš ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ. ืžึธืงื•ึนืจ: The Economist (ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ PDF) | ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2023

Adam Sandler(2018) "ืืชื” ืœื ืžืชืขืกืง ืขื ื”ื–ื•ื”ืŸ" ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื™ืคืกื˜ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืกื ื“ืœืจ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ืืชื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ Adam Sandler ื›ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. "ื”ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ ืžื’ื™ืข ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื ื•ื˜ืฉ ืืช ืืจืฆื• ื•ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื•, ื•ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžื™ืœื ื’' ื”ื›ืœ-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื ืฉื•ืื™ ืžืขื•ืจื‘". ืžึธืงื•ึนืจ: The Times of Israel
๐Ÿ“ฒ
    English๐ŸŒุนุฑุจูŠ /Arabicar๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ฆเฆฌเฆพเฆ‚เฆฒเฆพ (เฆญเฆพเฆฐเฆค) /Bengali (India)bn๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ณะฑัŠะปะณะฐั€ัะบะธ /Bulgarianbg๐Ÿ‡ง๐Ÿ‡ฌไธญๅ›ฝไบบ /Chinesecn๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ณไธญๆ–‡๏ผˆ้ฆ™ๆธฏ๏ผ‰ /Chinese (HK)hk๐Ÿ‡ญ๐Ÿ‡ฐHrvatski /Croatianhr๐Ÿ‡ญ๐Ÿ‡ทdansk /Danishdk๐Ÿ‡ฉ๐Ÿ‡ฐNederlands /Dutchnl๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ฑSuomalainen /Finnishfi๐Ÿ‡ซ๐Ÿ‡ฎFranรงais /Frenchfr๐Ÿ‡ซ๐Ÿ‡ทDeutsch /Germande๐Ÿ‡ฉ๐Ÿ‡ชฮ•ฮปฮปฮทฮฝฮนฮบฮฌ /Greekgr๐Ÿ‡ฌ๐Ÿ‡ทืขึดื‘ืจึดื™ืช /Hebrewil๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ฑเคนเคฟเค‚เคฆเฅ€ /Hindihi๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ณMagyar /Hungarianhu๐Ÿ‡ญ๐Ÿ‡บbahasa Indonesia /Indonesianid๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ฉItaliano /Italianit๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡นๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชž /Japanesejp๐Ÿ‡ฏ๐Ÿ‡ตํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ /Koreankr๐Ÿ‡ฐ๐Ÿ‡ทเคฎเคฐเคพเค เฅ€ /Marathimr๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ณnorsk /Norwegianno๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ดPolski /Polishpl๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡ฑPortuguรชs /Portuguesept๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡นRomรขnฤƒ /Romanianro๐Ÿ‡ท๐Ÿ‡ดะ ัƒััะบะธะน /Russianru๐Ÿ‡ท๐Ÿ‡บะกั€ะฟัะบะธ /Serbianrs๐Ÿ‡ท๐Ÿ‡ธSlovenลกฤina /Sloveniansi๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ฎEspaรฑol /Spanishes๐Ÿ‡ช๐Ÿ‡ธsvenska /Swedishse๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ชเฎคเฎฎเฎฟเฎดเฏ (เฎ‡เฎจเฏเฎคเฎฟเฎฏเฎพ) /Tamil (India)ta๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ณเนเธšเธšเน„เธ—เธข /Thaith๐Ÿ‡น๐Ÿ‡ญTรผrkรงe /Turkishtr๐Ÿ‡น๐Ÿ‡ทTiแบฟng Viแป‡t /Vietnamesevn๐Ÿ‡ป๐Ÿ‡ณ
    ื”ึทืงื“ึธืžึธื” /
    ๐ŸŒ๐Ÿ’ฌ๐Ÿ“ฒ
    โœ–

    ื›ืžื• ืื”ื‘ื” , ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœืžื™ืœื™ื - ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ๐Ÿƒ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœืš. ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืชื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื’ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืืื•ื’ื ื™ืงื” . ื“ื‘ืจ.

    โœ–

    ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืกืคืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื

    ื”ื–ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืฉืœืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื“ื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช:

    ๐Ÿ“ฒ  

    ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื”? ืœื—ืฅ ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•:

    ื”ื•ืจื“ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืกืคืจื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื

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